The World of Options After Graduating From College Essay

The World of Options After Graduating From College - Essay Example Starting as a timid and reluctant girl who preferred to hide than showcase latent talents, one became motivated to be an active contributor to academic excellence through steering personal growth and encouraging other students to improve social responsibility and performance. Suffice it to say that the fruit of one’s labor has led to maintaining an above average GPA through all four years, as one remunerates, the most rewarding accomplishments were honing holistic and multidimensional skills. One recognizes the need to balance academic pursuit with civil and social awareness, adherence to spiritual obligations, delving into sports activities, and simply having fun with family members and friends. The four years at Lafayette College were the most challenging, yet humbly rewarding experiences that enabled one to contribute to the growth and development, not only of oneself but more so, of all the people who have touched one’s life. Through genuinely sharing the knowledge, skills, and abilities gained during the last four years, one has gained a wealth of wisdom in return. As one learned, wealth is most valuable when unselfishly shared with civil and social awareness, adherence to spiritual obligations, delving into sports activities, and simply having fun with family members and friends.  

Support use of the medication. Essay Example for Free

Support use of the medication. Essay 1. Identify legislation that governs the use of medication in the social care settings. The Medicines Act 1968, the Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 (and later amendments), the Misuse of Drugs (Safe Custody) Regulations 1973 (and later amendments), the Health and Safety at Work Act (1974), COSHH, the Mental Capacity Act (2005) the Access to health records Act (1990), the Data Protection Act (1998) plus equality legislation. 2. Outline the legal classification system for medication. The classification of medicines are all related to the medicines act 1968, while working with medication it is good to have an understanding and working knowledge of the common types of medication by training that should be provided by you company that you work for. 3. Explain how and why policies and procedures or agreed ways of working must reflect and incorporate legislative requirements. The polices and procedures are put in place to make sure that legislation is being followed so that all people in the setting, staff and the people who need care are being cared for are safe, all needs are being met, inclusive practise and diversity is being followed out and that the setting is staying within the law. They must reflect on legislation so that the polices and procedures are correct and are the correct way of doing things. For example if a health and safety procedure was put in place and was not inline with legislation then this could cause the setting to get in trouble with the law and could cause harm to the person who was in need of health and safety requirements could become harmed. Read more: Essay About  Administer Medication and Monitor the Effects 4. Identify common types of medication. Antibiotics, Antipsychotic and anti depressants. 5. List conditions for which each type of medication may be prescribed? Antibiotics They can be used to treat relatively mild conditions such as acne as well as potentially life-threatening conditions such as pneumonia. Antipsychotic medications are often prescribed for the treatment of bipolar disorder. Psychotic symptoms are common in bipolar I disorder, and antipsychotic medications are the standard treatment for these symptoms. There are also some antipsychotic that have direct effects on mania and/or depression and are therefore used as mood stabilizers. Anti depressants Antidepressants are used to treat several conditions. They include, but are not limited to: depression, generalized anxiety disorder, agitation, obsessive compulsive disorders (OCD), manic-depressive disorders, childhood enuresis (bedwetting), major depressive disorder, , naturopathic pain, social anxiety disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). 6. Describe changes to an individuals physical or mental well being that may indicate an adverse reaction to the medication. Antibiotics possible adverse reactions: Being sick feeling sick diarrhoea bloating and indigestion abdominal pain loss of appetite. Antipsychotic possible adverse reactions. Stiffness and shakiness – this can often be reduced by lowering the dose. However, if a high dose is necessary, the shakiness can be treated with the same kind of medication that is used for Parkinson’s disease. Uncomfortable restlessness (akathisia) Persistent abnormal movement, usually of jaw, lips and tongue () Make the problem worse before it makes it better. Anti depressants possible adverse reactions. SSRIs and SNRIs Common side effects of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and serotonin- reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) include: feeling sick diarrhoea or constipation dizziness dry mouth feeling agitated or shaky not sleeping well (insomnia) or, alternatively, feeling very sleepy loss of appetite excessive sweating 7. Describe the roles and responsibilities of those involved in prescribing dispensing and supporting use of medication. The prescriber must be trained appropriately (may be a GP or nurse prescriber for example) and update themselves as required by any professional body that they might belong to prescriptions should be written clearly, ensuring the patient understands any side effects and the reasons for the prescription be given to them and how long they should take it for. Medication should only be prescribed after careful consideration of the patients best interests. The prescriber should have access to the most up to date version of the British National Formulary (BNF). Dispensing must also be appropriately trained, follow safe systems of work and understand the side effects of various drugs; be able to access appropriate information and understand when to access advice or further information (the dispenser may not necessarily be a trained pharmacist but should be working alongside one). By supporting medication this is through following care plans or support plans; staying with the person to support them to take it; using appropriate equipment (spoon etc) and a drink of water or any other way to help the medication go down like a yoghurt and of course reassuring communication. 8. Explain were responsibilities lie in relation to use of over the counter remedies and supplements Many medicines can be purchased through wholesalers and retail outlets by anyone. People may decide to buy and keep remedies to take themselves, including herbal remedies and products that they purchase from other countries. When the care provider keeps a range of ‘homely remedies’, it is care workers who will decide whether to give them to a resident or not. Homely remedies are used to provide immediate relief for mild to moderate symptoms. They are treatments that people would use themselves without consulting their GP, for example to treat toothache or indigestion. These medicines are potent and may interact with medicines that the doctor has prescribed for residents. The care provider is under no obligation to provide this treatment. But if homely remedies are purchased for occasional use by residents, the care provider must have a written policy that details the following: †¢ which medicines are kept for immediate relief of mild symptoms that a resident may choose to self-treat in their own home †¢ the indications for offering the medicines †¢ the dose to give and how often it may be repeated before referring to the resident’s doctor †¢ how to establish with the resident’s GP that the remedies will not interact with other prescribed medicines †¢ how to obtain the resident’s consent to treatment that the doctor has not prescribed †¢ how the administration will be recorded. 9. Describe the routes by which medication can be administered. Oral Nasal Transdermal Rectal sub-cutaneous intra-muscular intravenous 10. Describe different forms in which medication may be presented. tablet or capsule sublingual (SL) under the tongue buccal in the cheek Suppository vaginal [per vagina (PV)] inserted in the vagina rectal [per rectum (PR)] inserted in the rectum inhalation inhaled through the nose or mouth aerosol -spray (fluid) nebulizer device used to produce a fine spray or mist, often in a metered dose (fluid) intradermal within the skin intramuscular within the muscle intravenous within the vein subcutaneous under the skin Related to skin topical applied to the surface of the skin cream, lotion, ointment transdermal absorption of drug through unbroken skin. 11. Describe materials and equipment that can assist in administering medication. Gloves Aprons Spoons Medication pots Syringes Inhalers Peg tubes. 12. Explain the importance of the following principles in the use of medication. Consent, self administration, dignity and privacy and confidentiality. If someone self-medicates or is actively encouraged to participate in the whole process of taking their medication, depending on their ability, e.g. knowing when they need to repeat their prescription, knowing the time to take their meds, or getting a glass of water to take their tablets then they are being empowered to be active in the process, not a passive recipient who has no understanding/control over a part of their life, its about being person-centred, doing things with the individual, promoting their independence, feelings of self-worth esteem, hopefully less chance of mistakes being made. An individuals right to have their dignity privacy respected, following organisations Policies Procedures, National Standards, Codes of Conduct, Essential Standards of Quality Safety, this also relates to consent (Mental Capacity Act 2005) the right to confidentiality (Data Protection Act.) 13. Explain how risk assessment can be used to promote an individuals independence in managing medication. You have to think how a risk assessment finds the best way to manage something so that the individual is as independent as possible. For example it can find the best equipment for the individual to use to take a liquid medication foe example a spoon, cup, syringe etc so that they dont have to rely on others. Or it can reveal the individuals ability to remember what to take and when to take it.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Incorporation of Companies

Advantages and Disadvantages of Incorporation of Companies This assignment will discuss the advantages and disadvantages of incorporation of companies. This will be discussed in relation to public and private companies and it will be concluded that the main advantageous of incorporation is and continues to be that of limited liability and separate legal personality. Other issues will discussed and the advantages and disadvantages discussed. It is important first to point out the distinction between public and private companies, the former being those which are permitted to offer their securities to the public and the latter being those which are not so permitted. Often whether a company is public or private is taken more generally as an indication of the social and economic importance of the company, so that the public company is more tightly regulated than the private company in a number of ways, which fall outside the remit of this assignment. However, it is important to note that this difference does exist. The fundamental attribute of corporate personality is that the corporation is a legal entity which is distinct from its members. At the end of the 19th Century following the case of Salomon v Salomon CO[1] this concept was finally grasped by the courts and it was appreciated that companies have a separate legal entity, as Lord Macnaghten explained â€Å"The company is at a law a different person altogether from the subscribers†¦.; and, though it may be that after incorporation the business is precisely the same as it was before, and the same persons are managers, and the same hands receive the profits, the company is not in law the agent of the subscribers or trustee for them. Nor are the subscribers, as members, liable in any shape or form, except to the extent and in the manner provided by the Act[2]† As a corporation is a separate legal person its members are not personally liable for its debts[3]. This principle also applies to obligations other than debts such as the members of the company, although members who become involved in the management of the company’s business will find that this separate legal personality does not necessarily protect them from personal liability to third parties. If a company enters insolvent liquidation, in theory the issue undergoes a considerable change, although in practice it does not. The question becomes whether the liquidator acting on behalf of the company can seek contributions from its members so as to bring its assets up to the level needed to meet the claims from the company’s creditors. The overall result of the broad recognition by the courts of the separate legal entity of the company and of the limited liability of its members and managers is to produce at a first sight a legal regime which is very unfavourable to potential creditors of companies. However lenders often â€Å"seek to leap over the barrier created by the law of limited liability by exacting the price of the loan to the company personal guarantees of its repayment from the managers or shareholders of the company, guarantees which may be secured on the personal assets of the individuals concerned†[4]. Legislation, whilst it has not overturned Salomo n, contains an extensive list of publicity and disclosure obligations to priorities for certain classes of unsecured creditors on the winding-up of a company[5]. Recently added to these statutory weapons are the provisions relating to the wrongful trading and the expanded provisions on the disqualification of directors, especially on grounds of unfitness. One clear advantage of corporate personality is that it enables the property of the association to be more clearly distinguished from its members. In an unincorporated society, the property of the association is the joint property of the members. The rights of the members therein differ from their rights to their separate property since the joint property must be dealt with according to the rules of the society and no individual member can claim any particular asset. By virtue of the trust and the obvious complications can be minimised but not completely eradicated. And the complications cause particular difficulty in the case of a trading partnership both as regards the true nature of the interests of the partners and as regards claims of creditors. On incorporation, the corporate property belongs to the company and members have no direct proprietary rights to it but merely to their â€Å"shares† in the undertaking. A change in the membership, which causes inevitable dislocation to a partnership firm, leaves the company unconcerned; the shares may be transferred but the company’s property will be untouched and no realisation or splitting up of its property will be necessary, as it will on a change in the constitution of a partnership firm. Similarly, the claims of the company’s creditors will be merely against the company’s property and the difficulties which can arise on bankruptcy of partners will not occur. There are difficulties relating to legal actions in unincorporated associations. The problem is of practical importance with trading bodies but has been solved in the case of partnerships as they are now able to be sued or sue in the firm’s name[6], although there are still practical difficulties in enforcing the judgement. This question does not arise with incorporated companies as they can sue or be sued in their own right. Another advantage of a limited company is that it cannot become incapacitated by illness, mental or physical, and it does not have to have an allotted life span[7]. This of course does not mean that the death or incapacity of its human members may not cause the company considerable embarrassment, however the vicissitudes of the flesh have no direct effect on the disembodied company, as Grcer LJ said â€Å" a corporate body has no soul to be saved or body to be kicked.[8]† The death of a member leaves the company unmoved: members come and go but the company can go on forever.[9] The continuing existence of a company, irrespective of changes in its membership, is helpful in other direction also. When an individual sells his business to another, difficult questions may arise regarding the performance of existing contracts by the new proprietor[10], the assignment of rights of a personal nature[11], and the validity of agreements made with customers ignorant of the change of propr ietorship[12]. Similar problems may arise on a change of the constitution of a partnership[13]. Where the business is incorporated and the sale is merely of the shares, none of these difficulties arise. The company remains the proprietor of the business, performs the existing contracts and retains the benefits of them, and enters into future agreements. The difficulties attending vicarious performance, assignments and mistaken identity do not arise. Connected to this issue is the issue of the shares. Incorporation with the resulting separation of the business from its members greatly facilitates the transfer of the member’s interests. In the absence of limited liability the opportunity transfer is in practice very much restricted. With an incorporated company, freedom to transfer, both legally and practically, can be readily attained. The company can be incorporated with its liability limited by shares, and these shares constitute items of property which are freely transferable in the absence of express provision to the contrary, and in such a way that the transferor drops out and the transferee steps into his shoes. A partner has a proprietary interest which he can assign, but his assignment does not operate to divest him of his status or liability as a partner; it merely affords the assignee the right to receive whatever the firm distributes in respect of the assigning partners share[14]. The assignee can be admitted in to the partnership in the pace of the assignor only if the other partners agree and the assignor will not be relieved of his existing liabilities as a partner unless the creditors agree, expressly or impliedly, to release him. Another important feature of an incorporated company is that a structure which allows for the separation of risk investment via the purchase of shares, in which many persons may participate, from the management of the company, which is delegated to a smaller and expert group of people who partly constitute and who are partly supervised by a board of directors. This concept was first explored in the United States by AA Berle and GC Means[15] and they drew attention to the revolutionary change thus brought about in traditional conceptions of the nature of property. Today, the great bulk of large enterprise is in the hands not of individual entrepreneurs but of large public companies in which many individuals have property rights as shareholders and to the capital of which they have indirectly or directly contributed. Direct or indirect investment in companies probably constitutes the most important single item of property for most people, but whether this property brings profit to its â€Å"owners† no longer depends on their energy initiative but on that of the management from which they are divorced. Two further advantages which must be considered are that of borrowing and taxation. The ingenuity of equity practitioners has led to the evolution of an unusual but highly beneficial type of security known as the floating charge; i.e. a charge which floats like a cloud over the whole assets from time to time falling within a generic description, but without preventing the mortgagor from disposing of those assets in the usual course of business until something occurs to cause the charge to become crystallised or fixed. This is advantageous to incorporated companies because until recently such a charge could not really apply to partnerships or other unincorporated organisation -this is because of two pieces of legislation. The first was the â€Å"reputed ownership† provision in the bankruptcy legislation which relates to individuals[16]†. This, however under the reforms resulting from the report of the Cork Committee was repealed and not replaced in the Insolvency Act 1986 . It never applied to the winding-up of companies. The second, which still remains, is that the charge, in so far as it related to chattels, would be a bill of sale within the meaning of the Bills of Sale Acts 1878 and 1882 which applies only to individuals and not to companies[17]. Hence it would need to be registered in the Bills of Sale Registry, and, what is more important, as a mortgage bill it would need to be in the statutory form which involves specifying the chattels in detail in a schedule. Compliance with the latter requirement is impossible since in a floating charge the chattels are indeterminate and fluctuating. Therefore it can be seen that use of this form of security is in practice restricted to bodies corporate. By virtue of it the lender can obtain an effective security on â€Å"all the undertaking and assets of the company both present and future† either alone or in conjunction with a fixed charge on its land. By so doing he can place himself in a far stro nger position that if he merely had the personal security of the individual traders. It therefore happens not infrequently that a business is converted into a company solely in order to enable further capital to be raised by borrowing. Once a company reaches a certain size, the attraction of limited liability is likely to outweigh all other considerations when business people are considering in what form to carry on their activities. Investors are unlikely to be willing to put money in a company where there liability is not limited if they are to have no or little control over the running of the company and for this reason incorporation is preferable. However with small businesses, which it is feasible to give all the investors a say in management, it is likely that tax considerations play a major part in determining whether the business shall be set up in corporate form or as a partnership. In the case of small companies the investors’ return on their capital may take the form of the payment of directors’ fees rather than dividends, so that participation in the management of the company may be the means for the investor both to safeguard the investment and to earn a return on it. This assignment has discussed the advantages and disadvantages of incorporation of companies. It can be seen that the advantages of incorporation very much depend on one company to another. For larger firms the division between the board and shareholders, transferable shares and the conferment of limited liability on the shareholders are helpful for the raising of capital. Partnerships and unincorporated organisations do not lend themselves easily to this kind of need and therefore are more favourable in this respect. There are many other issues that make incorporation favourable but it can be seen that it is, and will continue to be the fact that these organisations have limited liability that will continue to make them attractive and more advantageous than unincorporated organisations. Bibliography Cases Brace v Calder (1895) 2 QB 253 Boulton v Jones (1857) 2 H N 564 British Waggon Co v Lea (1880) 5 QBD 149 Griffith v Tower Publishing Co [1897]1 Ch 21 Rayner (Mincing Lane) Ltd v Department of Trade [1989] Ch 72 Re Noel Tedman Holding Pty Ltd (1967) QD R 561 Robson v Drummond (1831) 2 B AD 303 Salomon v Salomon CO [1897] AC 22 HL Slavenburg’s Bank v International Natural Resources Ltd [1980] 1 W L R 1076 Stepney Corporation v Osofsky [1937] 3 ALL ER 289 Statutes Bankruptcy Act 1914 Bills of Sale Acts 1878 Insolvency Act 1986 Partnership Act 1890 RSC ORD 81 Books Berle A and Means G, (1993) â€Å"The Modern Corporation and Private Property† New York Davies P, (2003) â€Å"Gower and Davies Principles of Modern Company Law†, Seventh Edition, Thomson Sweet and Maxwell Dobson P, (2003) â€Å"Commercial Law†, Third Edition, London Cavendish Morse G, (2005) â€Å"Charlesworth Company Law†, Seventeenth Edition, London Sweet and Maxwell Smith and Kennan, (2005) â€Å"Smith and Keenans Company Law , Thirteenth Edition, Harlow Press/Longman 1 Footnotes [1] [1897] AC 22 HL [2] [1897] AC 22 HL at 51 [3] See for example Kerr LJ in Rayner (Mincing Lane) Ltd v Department of Trade [1989] Ch 72 at 176 [4] Davies P, (2003) â€Å"Gower and Davies Principles of Modern Company Law†, Seventh Edition, Thomson Sweet and Maxwell at page 32 [5] Insolvency Act 1986 Ss40 175 and 386-387 [6] RSC ORD 81 [7] S84 (1) (a) of the insolvency Act [8] In Stepney Corporation v Osofsky [1937] 3 ALL ER 289 at 291 [9] See Re Noel Tedman Holding Pty Ltd (1967) QD R 561 [10] Robson v Drummond (1831) 2 B AD 303 and British Waggon Co v Lea (1880) 5 QBD 149 [11] See Griffith v Tower Publishing Co [1897]1 Ch 21 [12] Boulton v Jones (1857) 2 H N 564 [13] Brace v Calder (1895) 2 QB 253 [14] Partnership Act 1890 [15] The Modern Corporation and Private Property, New York 1933 [16] Bankruptcy Act 1914 S38 (1)(C) [17] See Slavenburg’s Bank v International Natural Resources Ltd [1980] 1 W L R 1076

Beauty Revisited :: Japan Culture Greece Essays

"When a man has gone deep enough in the lore of love and turned his attention to things of beauty in their due order,... there shall dawn upon his eyes a vision of surpassing beauty, for whose sake he endured all his former toils; a beauty which, in the first place, is eternal, without beginning and without end, unbegotten and without decay; and secondly, is not beautiful at one time or one place or from one point of view and then ugly, as if its beauty depended upon the beholders. Nor again will that beauty to his eyes take on the likeness of a face or hands or any fleshy part, nor of speech or learning, nor will it have its being in any other creature but will have its simple and essential being ever one within itself. ..." -plato "So when any one climbs the ladder of true love in this world till he catch a glimpse of that other beauty, he has almost attained that goal. And this is the true discipline of loving or being loved: that a man begin with the beauties of this world and use them as stepping stones for an unceasing journey to that other beauty, going from one to two and from two to all, and from beautiful creatures to beautiful lives, and from beautiful lives to beautiful truths, and from beautiful truths attaining finally to nothing less than the true knowledge of Beauty itself, and so at last what Beauty is." -Plato What is art? Who cares of beauty? What really goes on when I make art. Why do I love art? Do I feel the essence of this journey which Plato speaks of? Beauty, yes, that is the focus of my life,... beauty. It sounds fantastic, but it may be true. by looking at Platonic and Japanese ideals of aesthetic beauty, I will show that art is all about a feeling, a communion with that "simple and essential being, ever one within itself." It is an ongoing dialogue with the mystery of sentient, hard to discern emotions. I'm wary to say that my artistic endeavors are aimed towards beauty, maybe skill, luck, or ingenuity. This essay is more about the glue which bind one artistic experience to another, an irrational and ever-present push towards the unmade. Plato's basic philosophy centers around the "Allegory of the Cave," which, distilled, points out that for man to think that he may know the whole truth, end all and be all in itself, is for him to declare the largess of his own ego.

Movie Review

There were rules to be followed, and a person should not act differently from others. But in the end, everything changed when Sam and Suez finally decided to run away and lives on their own. After the upbringing, the whole community started to find the love, between Sam and Suez, harmful. It caused the disruption within the stagnant plot of the story, in a way that they were different from what was usually considered correct by the norm. This disruption elevated the twists and turns of the events within the movie.Also because of this, the members of the community started to suffer, and started to find a solution on how to solve this disruption within the community. From living normal, he members of the community started to form this consciousness to each other that resulted to their own involvement in the love between Sam and Suez. However, this did not mean that the community itself as a whole started to form a unity instantly; it was only a step-by-step process that eventually led to the involvement and solidarity of the characters.The community as a whole created the status of each of the characters. It Implemented rules and regulations; from what Is right, to what Is wrong. These biases made by the society led to the corruption of each character that resulted in heir fixed role in the community. For example, the Khaki Scout Trainer was a Math Teacher but because of the community where he was in, he was forced to become a Trainer. Generally, by these biases made by the Community, the members within it started to view everything as normal, and began to be unconscious to others. In the division of the community.This showed that the bias led by the community as a whole produced a bias to an individual, and caused dissever of its member. When the community started to act, due to the subject of love between Sam and Suez, each character started to be involved. From Cam's side of the story, his foster parents started to ignore their own responsibilities to him, unl ike the Khaki Scout Trainer and the Island Police Officer, who were treating him as a family. And from Guy's side of the story, her parents started to pay attention to her maturity due to her issues of rampaging, and being introvert from the rest of her schoolmates.These transformations made by each character showed the manifestation of the romantic convolutions of the two young characters. But as a whole community, this love between the two at first was not accepted because of their age. In the end, due to the early maturity of the young lovers little-by-little the community started to acknowledge their love, thus showed the transformation of the community from being stagnant to a community whose members were involved and united.In addition, the involvement of each character to the love between Sam and Suez, made the portrayal of each scene focused from the island's community to each individual that involved themselves within the issue. The portrayal of each scene from the start of the movie was all about the community and the island itself. It focused on the stagnant community that deals tit their own problems. The people in New Penance had been following the rules and biases done by the community itself.It showed that the portrayal of the scene is on a slide manner that depicted one scene then shift to the other. It also described New Penance by showing the place, and by using a Journalist to give information. The way the Journalist's report, at the start of the movie, is on a fixed manner. The journalist gave information, but the way his report portrayed was that his background was fixed and instantaneously shifting from one idea to the other.This showed that the movie at the start was in a state of stationary ideas that had been made by the community that had been adapted by its members. After the upbringing of the love between Sam and Suez, there was a sudden changed in how the scene had been portrayed. First, it focused more on the two- young lovers. Th e portrayal of each scene about the lovers transformed the scene from being stationary to being alive. There was a beginning of a conversation and showing of each other's actions. Second, it also focused on the involvement of each character.By the time the upbringing happened; the community started to act, and by this action, the scene portrayal started to show the strengths and weaknesses of each character in the story. Lastly, it also dealt with the recovery of the way how it was presented at the start. At the end of the movie, on how the scene that had been being portrayed was the same on how the scene had been portrayed at the beginning. This showed that even though there was a transformation within the community as a whole, the depicting of the scene started and ended with the same portrayal.

Federal Indian Policy Essay

When the newly founded United States of America gained its independence from Britain, they were faced with many new challenges. One of their biggest challenges was establishing and building upon their own domain that Britain had transferred at the Peace Treaty of 1783. 1 Of course, this land was still inhabited by Indian peoples. The United States knew that territorial expansion was inevitable and to the Indians, this meant war. Creek chief Hallowing King said, â€Å"Our lands are our life and breath. If we part with them, we part with our blood. †2 This turned out to be a constant changing battle for territorial dominance and an era of changing federal Indian policy. The new America followed British ideas and created an Indian Department. This department established many rules for the sale and transfer of Indian lands with the hope of regulating the advancement of the western frontier. 3 In 1790, Congress enacted the Indian Trade and Intercourse Act. 4 Backed by President Washington and the Indian Department, this act stipulated that Congress would regulate all trade, interaction and even intercourse with all Native Americans. 5 Congress regulated this Act by issuing licenses to approved individuals. Failure to obey this law led to apprehension and a trail in court. 6 However, many American famers ignored this bill and would steal Indians to use as slaves. Naturally, the Indians fought back which led to bloody encounters. As Americans continued to ease westward, many battles and treaties began to emerge. The Battle of Fallen Timbers was one of the more popular encounters. The Western Lakes Confederacy which consisted of several numerous tribes had achieved major victories in the past. It was President Washington’s goal to put their victories to an end. 7 The Americans out-numbered the Indians and destroyed many villages in the region. This battle led to the form of many treaties like the Treaty of Greenville in 1795. This ended the Northwest Indian War which the Battle of Fallen Timbers was a part of. In exchange of goods valued at $20,000, the Indians turned over large parts of the modern-day area of Ohio. 8 This was a tremendous victory for the United States and it certainly gave them the momentum in establishing Indian policy and in the race for territorial expansion. However, the fight and establishment for federal Indian policy did not end in the Ohio Valley. The United States began to realize that the Indians and Americans would not be able to co-exist in the same eastern territory. President Thomas Jefferson began implementing the policy of â€Å"removing† Indians from their eastern homelands. The government decided they could go about this a few different ways. They could try to destroy the Indian peoples, assimilate them to American society, protect them on their ancestral lands or remove them to more distant, western lands. 9 It was Jefferson’s plan to use the process of dispossession with minimal government. This plan involved allowing American settlements to slowly border the Indians, either allowing them to become civilized Americans or letting them flee beyond the Mississippi with the hopes of establishing multiple treaties. 10 Well, that is exactly what happened. This strategy to acquire Indian lands resulted in nearly thirty treaties with several tribes and the cession of 200,000 square miles of Indian territory. 11 This Jeffersonian policy proved to be very effective for the young United States. The more â€Å"conservative† removal policies of the American government took a halt when Andrew Jackson was elected President in 1828. Jackson was a famous Indian fighter who was often referred to as very vocal on his Indian views. He regarded the Indians as inferior and even referred to them as â€Å"savages that must be removed. †12 Jacksons radical approach upset many natives and led to the Cherokee resistance. The Cherokees were confined to the state of Georgia where they decided to reconstruct their tribal government. They created a constitution, established a language, had bountiful resources and even created a newspaper. However, this only increased the pressure for their American neighbors to take control of this Cherokee territory. The state of Georgia called upon Congress to begin negotiations with the Cherokees so they could leave their land. In 1830, Congress passed the Indian Removal Act allowing the president to negotiate treaties of removal with all Indian tribes east of the Mississippi. One year later, the Cherokee Nation brought a suit against the state of Georgia. The Supreme Court ruled in the case of Worcester v. Georgia that the Cherokee Nation was â€Å"a distinct community, occupying its own territory where the laws of Georgia can have no force. †13 Georgia ignored this ruling and continued violating the Cherokee region. Faced with destruction or removal, the Cherokees signed the Treaty of New Echota, where they agreed to relocate west of the Mississippi River. 14 This relocation devastated the Cherokee Nation’s emotions and is known as the Trail of Tears in 1835. As you can see, the United States of America was faced with a very difficult dilemma in having to force federal Indian policies to maintain the control of the eastern frontier. Although much blood was shed over the policies between Washington’s and Jackson’s administrations, much more blood could have been shed and treaties could have never formed. This could have possibly changed the face of the United States as we know it today. Notes 1. Calloway, Colin G, First Peoples; A Documentary Survey of American Indian History, Bedford/St Martins’, New York, 3rd Ed, 2008, 219. 2. Calloway, 218. 3. Calloway, 219. 4. Prucha, P. Francis. Federal Indian Policy. May 2 2005. http://www. alaskool. org/native_ed/ historicdocs/use_of_english/ prucha. htm (accessed May 29, 2009), 2. 5. Prucha, 2. 6. Prucha, 2. 7. Prucha, 3. 8. Calloway, 230. 9. Calloway, 229. 10. Calloway, 230. 11. Calloway, 228. 12. Calloway, 231. 13. Seal, David. The Trail of Tears. Oct 19 1994. http://ngeorgia. com/history/nghisttt. html (accessed May 29, 2009), 1. 14. Seal, 1. Bibliography Calloway, Colin G, First Peoples; A Documentary Survey of American Indian History, Bedford/St Martins’, New York, 3rd Ed, 2008. Prucha, P. Francis. â€Å"Federal Indian Policy† May 2 2005. http://www. alaskool. org/native_ed/ historicdocs/use_of_english/ prucha. htm (accessed May 29, 2009). Seal, David. â€Å"The Trail of Tears. † Oct 19 1994. http://ngeorgia. com/history/nghisttt. html (accessed May 29, 2009).

World Environment Day Anchoring Script Essays

World Environment Day Anchoring Script Essays World Environment Day Anchoring Script Paper World Environment Day Anchoring Script Paper Thank you friends for praying the god for the success of the occasion. I feel Immensely rapture to handover this wonderful opportunity to to welcome all the dignitaries the audience on behalf of the Institution on this auspicious occasion. Thank you for welcoming the gathering Our physical world, respect and explore, Where water meets land: a beautiful shore. Mountains we conquer, look down in awe, If youre an artist, make sure you draw. Im sure that all of you like skits. They give us a fun also some knowledge. So to give you guys a fun with education are ready to present a skit. So I request the Hosannas to occupy this stage to present their skit. Thank you for your skit that urged us to inculcate some good habits of conserving the environment. The topic information about environment is never ending. So to give you some more knowledge about this day, I request to present her speech on this occasion. Thank you Nature exciting, adventurously new, Much more to see, than a sky that is blue. It offers so much, open your eyes, Hope of today, with every sunrise. For sharing your knowledge with us. I think you all had enough fun with education by the speeches, skit song. But now o all will be entertained again by the of our school. Because now they are here to occupy the stage to present their dance. So I request the Mourns to come over the dais entertain you all. Thank you for your wonderful performance. I am sure that the Mother Nature will be happy. As I had earlier said that knowledge about environment its uses are never ending. So now, to enlarge your encyclopedia of class 8th is ready to present her speech. So I request Anaphora to use this stage to present her speech. Thank you for your speech. We have heard that singing has a power to heal can also recover patients. So now I request the of our school to sing a song on this gracious occasion to bring a change In us to save the environment. Thank you for motivating us to save the environment. The environment the humans are Inter-related to each other. One cant sustain without the other. As environment Is required for us, even the environment also requires us. So we all should conserve the environment. So now, let to guide us by his oath. I also request all of you to stand up stretch your hands follow him to take the oath. Thank you sir for your words which will surely be the deadlines for all of us. I think I Just heard Mother Nature cry, Or was it one more broken, falling tree? Youd think wed learn as time goes speeding by. I think you all are aware of the drawing painting competition that was held in our school on account of the World Environmental Day. Many students had participated in the competition. I thank all of you for your active participation in the competition. Some of the artists have won prizes in the competition. So I request the to honor the winners by distributing the prizes to them. Thank you AMA for the distribution of the prizes. I heartily congratulate all the prize winners. Look Outside, see the trees Watch the flowers in the breeze Things wont be like this in a year or two If polluting is all we do Seize the night, seize the day, things wont always be You all had enough fun. But now its the time again to grab some knowledge. So I request_ to address the gathering on this occasion boost us to save the environment. Thank you AMA for your golden words. I am sure that all the students are encouraged inspired by your words. Sorry everyone, but the time to put a full stop for the event has arrived. This is my bounded duty to handover the responsibility to to vote her thanks to all the dignitaries audience on behalf of the institution. So I request Crowbars to take over the responsibility present her vote of thanks. Thank you for thanking all the dignitaries the audience. What we are doing to the forests is nothing but a mirror reflection of what we are doing to ourselves. By saying this I would like to end this event once again thank all of you whose presence has made this event a grand success.

Gall Stones

Gall Stones GALLSTONES: What Are Gallstones? Gallstones are solid little balls that form in the gall bladder. Gallstones are created when bile substances, cholesterol and bile pigments, mainly,form together and create small odd shaped balls.The stones which form mainly from cholesterol are called cholesterol stones and account for 80% of stones found in the gall bladder. The other 20% of stones found in the gall bladder are Pigment stones. They are small, dark in color and are made of bilirubin and calcium salts. Factors that contribute to the development of pigment stones include, cirrhosis, biliary tract infections and hereditary blood cell disorders.Gallstones can be as small as a grain of sand, to as large as a golf ball. Depending on the case, and speed of development, the gall bladder may produce many small stones, thousands, or few, very large stones. Gall stones can also form at any amount in between, but for the most part, the more stones the smaller each one is.English: X-ray of organs during a laprasopic chole...

Answering questions

This theory states that attention can be divided into two separate states, wherein one can attend to two things or stimuli at the same time, without sacrificing the quality of attention given to either of the two stimuli (Reisberg, 2001). Thus to the comedian, one can continue listening to the radio and at the same time look for the house number, and it perfectly makes sense to him that a person can do both of it since it does not really require an intense concentration. However, a case in point is that looking for a house number in a long row of houses may be quite a challenging task, one that requires concentration and selective attention. Yes, it can be said that keeping the radio on would not make any difference but to those who prefer to look closely and to be able to do so safely would naturally turn their radios off. Just imagine yourself driving slowly in a street you are unfamiliar with and keeping the radio on would mask the noise of incoming traffic or even pedestrians. Besides, when a person is involved in one task, like looking for a house, then one instinctively attends to it and disregards the other sounds, sights and disturbances in the immediate environment. Divided attention is very real, we engage it once in a while especially if we multi-task but we could do so in a limited period, for example think of how you can possibly manage to entertain questions from an officemate at your table and at the same time talk to someone on the phone, you could do both for a maximum of 2 minutes, but eventually one stimuli takes greater attention and we must give our full attention to it. On the other hand, with training, anybody can make use of divided attention, but its contributions and benefits in engaging in it remains to be seen since much research has to be done in this area. 2-B. Based on what you have learned about perception and attention, do you think it’s safe for people to talk on cellular phones while they are driving? Learning about how we perceive the world around us gives us a better way of understanding how intricate the human mind is and how even a faculty that we often take for granted can have a profound impact in our daily lives. Perception refers to a complex process of how we receive a stimuli, how our brain process the stimuli, and how our mind tells us what to do and how to react to the stimuli (Reisberg, 2001). It can be said that a disruption of any of the lines of our perception may have adverse consequences; sometimes it can be bizarre, like when a person cannot recognize the face of love one but instead are able to say that they look like a family member. Taking our study of perception into our daily activities, a debated issue like â€Å"is it safe to talk on the cell phone while driving† is better explained. I still believe that it is not safe to talk on the cellular phones while driving. Driving already entails a number of processes and is quite demanding of our attention, like when you are in the freeway, one has to be conscious of incoming traffic, cars at you back, the speed limit of the highway, and even looking out for possible mishaps in the road, on top of which, the driver must be conscious of the cars fuel level, brake fluid and tire conditions. So how could anybody be able to talk on the phone while driving? Talking on the phone also demands attention; we have to perceive and process what the other person is saying, and to even think of the appropriate response to what they are saying. Theories on perception have stated that our mind works overtime just to process and be able to respond to external stimuli, and that each part of the brain is involve in different ways just to come up with the correct processing of information (Reisberg, 2001), like being able to recognize faces of family members. Perceptual illusions demonstrate that what we see may not be true or real, hence while driving we may not be able to accurately tell how far we are from the car ahead of us or how near we are to the railings without our full concentration. Reports have shown that many people die on the road or in car accidents than any disease. Perceptual overload occurs when we drive and talk on the phone, based on previous researches (Reisberg, 2001), perceptual overload makes us incorrectly perceive our surroundings and hence we may see what is not there, or we may not see what is really there. When we overload our senses it would mean that one part of the brain or our faculties might be sacrificed to compensate for the attention we give to another stimulus. And in an activity like driving which in itself is a high-risk behavior, we need complete control of our faculties, thus talking on the cell phone is not advisable. 2-C. Write a 200 word summary and critical analysis on Rayner’s article. Discuss what the article is basically about, its strong and weak points, how convincing (or unconvincing) you find its arguments, and how it might be followed up (e.g., if you think the article suggests any promising, new ideas for future research, describe what they are and how they might best be pursued.) The article â€Å"Eye Movements in Reading: Recent Developments† by Keith Rayner (1993) presents the latest development in the study of eye movement in the reading process. The strength of the article is that it gives a background of what has been discovered so far in the field of study, the article argues that studying eye movement is important for it help build theory and also used to infer perceptual and cognitive processes during reading thus the objective of the article. It also presents a number of theories that have used new methods in studying eye movement. What was weak about the article was that it was not able to connect how the new methods of studying would contrite to a better understanding of the cognitive processes that occur during reading. The article basically was not convincing when the author says that much remains to be seen when researchers realize how interesting a research data eye movement can be. The article does not arouse this interest and simply goes on to say that eye movement is a natural consequence of reading, which contradicts his claims earlier in the introduction part. The article was also too technical for the average reader even if the reader is interested in eye movement. References Rayner, K. (1993). Eye movements in reading: Recent developments. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 2 (3): 81-85 Reisberg, D. (2001). Cognition: Exploring the science of the Mind, 2nd ed. New York: W.W. Norton Company, Inc.

Building Community as a Leadership Discipline Dissertation

Building Community as a Leadership Discipline - Dissertation Example Such leaders avoid acting in a dictatorial manner. They are usually motivated while working in settings characterized by facts, whereby they can apply theories and their expertise as well as analytical skills. They set achievable goals that are understandable by everyone. These are achieved through the allocation of roles to the employees, and supervising to ensure that the process follows the right track while adhering to organizational policies. They respect the management hierarchy, whereby each level of management is significant in the process.  Due to the fact that an organization has to be faced with dilemmas, the structural leader is usually faced with situations whereby a balance has to be established between the external environment and the organizational practices. Such a leader usually focuses on plain and consistent thinking in order to deal with organizational problems as well as utilization of the available opportunities (Bolman and Deal 2008). This is dependent to a large extent on the environment that the leader works in. A favorable working environment is usually a derivative of the predecessors in the organization’s management. The structural leader ensures that he leaves an enabling environment once he leaves an organization. This facilitates learning in the leaders who come thereafter. On the other hand, he ensures that the present leaders within the organization, especially those working under him have such leadership qualities as him/her. The organizational strategy is usually developed through structural Leaders, who are keen on the working framework, environment, the realization of organizational goals, testing as well the necessary reforms within the organization.

A global city Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

A global city - Essay Example Hong Kong is a Chinese city found in the southern coast enclosed by Pearl River delta and the southern China Sea (Liu 209). The city has a land mass of 1,104 Km2 with a population of close to seven million people, making it one of the most populated cities globally This enormous city acts as a major route for commercial purposes besides unlocking significant parts of Asia to the global metropolis (Wing-kai Chiu 3). The city has a capitalist’s outstanding economy made up of low taxes and no trade barrier. The city’s currency the Hong Kong dollar is the eighth most traded currency worldwide (Louie 197). The city ranks second globally due to its good and well maintained ports that dock ships from all varied states. Hong Kong’s way of governance is also peculiar and very intriguing (Louie 197). It has a chief executive who is the head mainly appointed by a committee of 400 to 1200 members (Louie 197). The chief executive is the head of government although china claim s to be a multiparty state (Wing-kai Chiu 1). Besides its way of governance and the captivating ports, the city also gets credit from building great international air flights that host planes from different states globally (Louie 214). In addition, expatriate children residing in Hong Kong claim to enjoy learning in its various superb international primary, secondary and tertiary institutions that offer top quality education in Hong Kong (Louie 214). The city also enjoys the outstanding services of â€Å"top 40† co-operations that work tirelessly to make the global city’s economy flourish (Reiber, 48). ... Therefore, it hosts hosts many tourists annually than any other city globally (Wing-kai Chiu 1). This is due the decision made by its tourism board to adopt the Hong Kong Asia’s World City to highlight the city’s vibrant and cosmopolitan lifestyle (Reiber, 45). Besides, Hong Kong has an awesome cultural fusion and diversity from different cultures (Reiber, 29). The â€Å"culture† and â€Å"ethos† of its institutions entails flexibility that makes the institutions and decorations extremely attractive to tourists and those who may be touring the city for varied reasons (Reiber, 29). This is because most those residing in Hong Kong exhibit mixed up comprising of both east and western cultures (Chan 107). This enables every traveler from any part of the world might be able to find a place in Hong Kong where they do not feel foreign. This turns out to be extremely intriguing to many tourists. In addition, the city’s crafting designs are products of the e xciting duality of both modern cities’ vitality merged together with traditional society historical colors and richness. This extends to other factors like shopping, entertainment, arts, history, festivals and remarkable events (Reiber, 29). In addition, the global city is also rich in beautiful and breath taking white snowed mountains, still sandy beaches to the idyllic islands like Lantau and Lamma islands (Reiber, 31). Another uniqueness of Hong Kong city is in the kind of transportation characterizing the entire city. It has about 7 million residents but only about three hundred thousand private vehicles ply in the city’s roads. Many residents prefer using public transport because the city is a public transit utopia. This is evident from the big buses,

Admission for EMBA Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Admission for EMBA - Essay Example 1. I will complete my graduation education within the stipulated period of time and achieve excellent academic results, acquire knowledge on key areas which will help in toning up my management related skills. I have to successfully complete the Masters in Business Administration course work first within the course duration. . In order to work in an international organization I have to concentrate on understanding multi cultural communication. The university offers excellent opportunity and during my course work I will acquire related knowledge. My short term goals are based on the level of attainability they have. Taking into consideration the current status of my career my priority will be heavily on completing my Masters in Business Administration course in an effective manner. Over the duration of the program I will concentrate on enhancing my communication, leadership and other such skills required of a business administrator in operations of an organization. Upon completion of the course I want to be able to devise a CV that is specific to the business administration field, which will help improve the prospects of me achieving employment in a leading organization operating on a global scale. I will submit all work related to course in a manner that gives excellent results. I will outperform all students involved in the course. I will make use of opportunities provided by the university during my education to get more knowledgeable on both the theoretical and practical concepts of management. The time scale of completion of my course work has to be in correspondence to the end date specified by the University for my business administration Course Work. The progress that I am able to achieve will be continuously measured on semester basis to ensure I am in track in order to achieve my career goals. My short term goals are to attend all course related classes and take part in seminars organized at

Human Rescource Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Human Rescource Management - Essay Example Rousseau (1989) defines the psychological contract as â€Å"an individual’s beliefs regarding the terms and conditions of a reciprocal exchange agreement between that focal person and another party† (p. 123). There are various aspects of the work force like variations in the job, nature of job, challenges of the work and other areas that have been considered as growing areas of interests (Hughes and Palmer, 2007). There has been various human resource management issues related to the contingent work force that provided one of the most appropriate areas of studies for the professionals and researchers. According to Feldman (2006 as cited by Hughes and Palmer, 2007) the Bureau of Labour Statistics (2005) revealed that the contingent workers formed nearly 10% of the workforce in early 2005. George and Kelly-Patternson (2007) covered different importance of psychological contract within various professional groups. The present economy has transformed from the manufacturing to service and service to knowledge based economy. The experience and skills of individuals have become base for economy. The psychological contract is high in the knowledge based industry. Success of the projects depends on the psychological contract. Psychological contract is explained with respect to emotional aspects of loyalty of employees and support from the organisation (Grimmer and Oddy, 2006). There are individual perspectives of employees, perception of the employees and mutual promise among the employer and employees (Rousseau, 1995). Working relationship of the individuals and organisation is covered in psychological contract (Sparrow and Cooper, 1998). Psychological contract is explained with the use of the term â€Å"unwritten expectations† (Wellin, 2007). These expectations are ever-changing and continuously operating between the all the members of the organisation. There are transactional psychological contract and relational psychological contract. Transactional

Change Process Theories in Downer (EDI) Limited Research Paper

Change Process Theories in Downer (EDI) Limited - Research Paper Example Theories of change attempt to answer the question of how and why change occurs while theories of changing attempt to answer the question of how to generate change and guide it to a successful conclusion (Bennis, 1996). Porras and Robertson (1987, p.4) expanded this ideology to change process theory and implementation theory. Describing change process theory is simply explaining the dynamics of change. There are multiple variables that are involved in the accomplishment of planned change. The two scholars (Porras & Robertson) described implementation theory as "theory that focuses on activities change agents must undertake in effecting organizational change" (p. 4). They include strategy procedure and technique theories as examples of implementation approaches. Academic writing tends to focus more on change process theory but practitioners are focusing so much on implementation theory. Integrating the two theories has been given very minimal focus. Theory of change is very important for the strategic purpose of an organization. It will be therefore important for organizations to understand change theory for the purpose of implementing some key strategies. Van de Ven and Poole (1995) identified four basic types of change theories. They considered them as life cycle, evolution, dialectic, and teleology framework. There are motors that distinguish these types. Van de Ven and Poole suggested that most change theories can be understood within one motor or in a combination of motors.

Admission for EMBA Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Admission for EMBA - Essay Example 1. I will complete my graduation education within the stipulated period of time and achieve excellent academic results, acquire knowledge on key areas which will help in toning up my management related skills. I have to successfully complete the Masters in Business Administration course work first within the course duration. . In order to work in an international organization I have to concentrate on understanding multi cultural communication. The university offers excellent opportunity and during my course work I will acquire related knowledge. My short term goals are based on the level of attainability they have. Taking into consideration the current status of my career my priority will be heavily on completing my Masters in Business Administration course in an effective manner. Over the duration of the program I will concentrate on enhancing my communication, leadership and other such skills required of a business administrator in operations of an organization. Upon completion of the course I want to be able to devise a CV that is specific to the business administration field, which will help improve the prospects of me achieving employment in a leading organization operating on a global scale. I will submit all work related to course in a manner that gives excellent results. I will outperform all students involved in the course. I will make use of opportunities provided by the university during my education to get more knowledgeable on both the theoretical and practical concepts of management. The time scale of completion of my course work has to be in correspondence to the end date specified by the University for my business administration Course Work. The progress that I am able to achieve will be continuously measured on semester basis to ensure I am in track in order to achieve my career goals. My short term goals are to attend all course related classes and take part in seminars organized at

Change Process Theories in Downer (EDI) Limited Research Paper

Change Process Theories in Downer (EDI) Limited - Research Paper Example Theories of change attempt to answer the question of how and why change occurs while theories of changing attempt to answer the question of how to generate change and guide it to a successful conclusion (Bennis, 1996). Porras and Robertson (1987, p.4) expanded this ideology to change process theory and implementation theory. Describing change process theory is simply explaining the dynamics of change. There are multiple variables that are involved in the accomplishment of planned change. The two scholars (Porras & Robertson) described implementation theory as "theory that focuses on activities change agents must undertake in effecting organizational change" (p. 4). They include strategy procedure and technique theories as examples of implementation approaches. Academic writing tends to focus more on change process theory but practitioners are focusing so much on implementation theory. Integrating the two theories has been given very minimal focus. Theory of change is very important for the strategic purpose of an organization. It will be therefore important for organizations to understand change theory for the purpose of implementing some key strategies. Van de Ven and Poole (1995) identified four basic types of change theories. They considered them as life cycle, evolution, dialectic, and teleology framework. There are motors that distinguish these types. Van de Ven and Poole suggested that most change theories can be understood within one motor or in a combination of motors.

Teaching about discipleship Essay Example for Free

Teaching about discipleship Essay Explain how this teaching about discipleship might affect the life of a Christian today? The teaching of discipleship affects the life of a modern day Christian in many different ways. The teaching of Christian belief, practice, authority, organization and sacrifice affects how a modern day Christian lives his life. Christian belief affects how a modern day Christian lives his life because he must consider how he can show as much belief as the original twelve disciples showed in Jesus and what he did. Belief is shown many times in Marks gospel. Simon and Andrew had belief in Jesus because when Jesus says to them come with me and I will teach you to catch men they just drop everything and go with him. This is very important because if they said no, then there probably wouldnt be disciples, but the didnt say no, they just dropped everything and went with Jesus which showed that they had belief in him. This shows that belief is very important in a modern day Christians life because they are meant to show belief just like the original disciples did. They are to sacrifice their old lives and accept new ones. Belief in sacrifice and service is also very important in a modern day Christians life because Jesus serviced 5000 people by feeding them with bread, if he didnt do this they would have died of hunger. Jesus sacrifice is also shown when he is up on the cross, because he is prepared to sacrifice his life for his beliefs. He says Forget self and carry cross. This is an inspirational quote for many modern day Christians today, which means accepting hardships and always putting others first. This could involve fasting for charity or doing a sponsored run. It could involve training as a nurse or a counselor, despite the poor pay All these beliefs affect how disciples live their lives. The Disciples practice their beliefs in a number of different ways. Jesus shows that discipleship is about belief and practice when the woman in the temple puts all she has into offertory chest without any fuss unlike the rich men who made sure everyone knew that he was going to make a donation. The lesson Jesus taught is that it is not how much is given but the spirit in which it is given that matters most. This is another inspirational quote that modern day Christians follow. Most Christians do not feel called to give up all there money but try hard not to be controlled by it or let it influence their lives negatively. A Christian whose beliefs affected his life and eventually brought about his death, was Martin Luther King, who fought for the blacks right to vote. Martin Luther King used his religion, beliefs and non violent protest to get the vote for American blacks. Martin Luther King was very dedicated to his religion and this affected how he lived his life. Martin Luther Kings beliefs helped him a lot in life, especially when he was protesting. When he was protesting the police often reacted with violence, but he told his followers not to react, but to turn the other cheek and offer them to hit that one. This is just like what Jesus said. Many of Martin Luther Kings speeches had relevance to his religion and beliefs. His most famous speech was I have a dream which he used his beliefs to write. In 1968 he was shot by James Earl Ray who was a white racist. His was murdered because of his beliefs. This is just one person who died for their beliefs. There are many more. Another who died was Maximilan Kolbe who died a horrible death in Auschwitz death camp in Poland. Mother Theresa life was also affected by her beliefs and religion to the extent the extent that she owned no possessions at all Modern day disciples should also respect authority just as Jesus disciples did. Jesus disciples did respect and believe that Jesus had authority over them, just as God had authority over everyone including Jesus and his disciples. Lots of modern day Christian churches have different beliefs in who has authority over the church. Catholics believe that the Pope has the authority that St Peter was given by Jesus, whereas the Church of England recognizes the authority of the Archbishop of Canterbury and the monarch. The Quaker Protestants do not recognize the authority of vicars or priests or bishops, they need only the Bible and the authority of Jesus light inside them Quaker Protestants do not even have a church or a holy place of worship, all they need is the bible. They see the original twelve as having no hierarchy so they dont have either. This is there interpretation of the bible. All these affect how a modern day Christian lives their life because which church they belong to affects their lives in different ways. As you can see the different ways a modern day Christian interprets the bible, influences the way it affects his life. His beliefs also play a big part in affecting his life, just like the disciples, whose beliefs affected their lives almost to the extent that they became new people.

Importance of Operations Management in Organizations

Importance of Operations Management in Organizations Managers are also responsible for critical activities such as quality management and control, capacity planning, materials management, purchasing, and scheduling. The importance of operations management has increased dramatically in recent years. Significant foreign competition, shorter product and service life-cycles, better-educated and quality-conscious consumers, and the capabilities of new technology have placed increasing pressures on the operations function to improve productivity while providing a broader array of high-quality products and services. With the globalization of markets, firms are recognizing that the operations function can be used to strengthen their position in the market place. Managers in operations management play a strategic and tactical role in satisfying customer needs and making their firms strong international competitors. The role of operations management is to transform a companys inputs into the finished goods or services. Inputs include human resources (such as workers and managers), facilities and processes (such as buildings and equipment), as well as materials, technology, and information. Outputs are the goods and services a company produces. Basically, Operations management has an impact on the five broad categories of stakeholders in any organisation. The five groups are: Customers These are the most obvious people who will be affected by any business. Suppliers Operations can have a major impact on suppliers, both on how they prosper themselves, and on how effective they are at supplying the operation. Shareholders Clearly, the better an operation is at producing goods and services, the more likely the whole business is to prosper and shareholders will be one of the major beneficiaries of this. Employees Similarly, employees will be generally better off if the company is prosperous; if only because they are more likely to be employed in the future. Society Although often having no direct economic connection with the company, individuals and groups in society at large can be impacted by the way its operations managers behave. The most obvious example is in the environmental responsibility exhibited by operations managers. Company Profile CRH plc, the international building materials group, has its headquarters in Ireland and operates in 22 countries in three closely related core businesses: Primary materials Value-added building products Specialist building materials distribution. Listed on the Irish and London Stock Exchanges and on the NASDAQ in the US, CRH consistently delivers long-term growth in total shareholder return, averaging over 18% per annum since the Group was formed in 1970. CRH maintains a rigorous focus on improving existing operations through experienced local management teams. These regional platforms and management structures generate the profits, cash flow and organisational strength to support CRHs ongoing programme of development. CRH grows by investing in new capacity, developing new products and markets and by acquiring and growing medium-sized companies. This long-term development strategy is supported by occasional larger acquisitions that extend the Groups geographic reach or product range and offer new strategic platforms for future growth. Strategic Vision CRHs strategic vision is to be an international leader in building materials, delivering superior performance and growth. Current strategic objectives and appropriate tools to analyze them Most of strategic objectives are directed toward generating greater profits and returns for the owners of the business, others are directed at customers or society at large. In the case study CRH plcs ultimate objective is to deliver superior performance and growth to its customers and stakeholders in all aspects. Any strategic objectives generally measured by the following tools; Measurable. There must be at least one indicator (or yardstick) that measures progress against fulfilling the objective. Specific. This provides a clear message as to what needs to be accomplished. Appropriate. It must be consistent with the vision and mission of the organization. Realistic. It must be an achievable target given the organizations capabilities and opportunities in the environment. In essence, it must be challenging but doable. Timely, there needs to be a time frame for accomplishing the objective. After all, as the economist John Maynard Keynes once said, In the long run, we are all dead! When objectives satisfy the above criteria, there are many benefits for the organization. First, they help to channel employees throughout the organization toward common goals. This helps to concentrate and conserve valuable resources in the organization and to work collectively in a timelier manner. Second, challenging objectives can help to motivate and inspire employees throughout the organization to higher levels of commitment and effort. A great deal of research has supported the notion that individuals work harder when they are striving toward specific goals instead of being asked simply to do their best. Third, there is always the potential for different parts of an organization to pursue their own goals rather than overall company goals. Although well intentioned, these may work at cross purposes to the organization as a whole. Meaningful objectives thus help to resolve conflicts when they arise. Finally, proper objectives provide a yardstick for rewards and incentives. Not only will they lead to higher levels of motivation by employees but also they will help to ensure a greater sense of equity or fairness when regards are allocated. There are, of course, still other objectives that are even more specific. These are often referred to as short-term objectives-essential components of action plans that are critical in implementing a firms chosen strategy. Operation objectives of the Company and its success in meeting strategic objectives Key components of the strategy to achieve the set objectives are; Clearly understand the current and potential future requirements and expectations of our customers-work closely with our customers, suppliers and partners to achieve quality objectives Deliver services of market-leading quality, reliability and consistency that meet our customers requirements Implement quality management in a systematic and planned way through the application of management systems that support the delivery of the business plan Educate and train our people and partners, to support the delivery of high quality work Establish and measure performance and customer satisfaction against appropriate quality objectives and/or targets Measure service performance and customer satisfaction at an appropriate level Continually review and improve our processes and levels of service CRHs one of the objectives is to remain the employer of choice for all employees and to exceed the expectations of all our stakeholders. This implementation can be done; CRH believes that continued business success is rooted in good employee, customer and supplier relations. This is particularly true in a decentralised organisation, where management responsibility is delegated as far as possible to the local level. Company Managing Directors/Presidents are responsible for the implementation of CRH employment policies, guidelines and objectives in their areas of responsibility. They are supported in this role and in reporting at Group level by their Human Resources (HR) teams. Human Resource has a functional reporting line through Product Group and Divisional HR Directors to the Group Human Resources Director. Data is provided below on the geographic employee footprint of the Group emphasising the increasingly global reach of CRH. Shortly after CRHs foundation in 1970 the Board set a clear strategy for the development of the Group which, while it has evolved over the years, is still broadly applicable today. CRHs development strategy is based on the following: Stick to core businesses in building materials Invest at home; be the low cost market leader Develop overseas; create platforms for future growth Negotiate deals that meet the sellers and CRHs needs Devolved development teams reporting to regional and product group managers Rigorous approach to evaluation, approval and review Generally mid-sized deals augmented from time to time with some larger transactions Objective is to maintain and develop a balanced portfolio across regions, products and construction sectors Focus on performance and growth The resources, systems and tools used in the organization to support its Business Process. CRH has a three-part strategic objective for fostering new growth across its operations. Invest in new capacity Develop new products and markets Acquire and grow mid-sized companies Investment is central to growth. CRH is making four fundamental types of investments that will make continued growth possible: Invest in its employees Upgrade production facilities Improve efficiency Manage performance Invest in people The success of CRH is very much due to having talented, committed, enthusiastic and well-qualified people throughout the Group. They encourage and support the continuous professional development of the CRH team and its members. What attracts people to CRH? A competitive pay package, the opportunity to travel, a good working environment, the team philosophy, flat organisation structure, challenging work assignments and internal training programmes to prepare the next generation of leaders. Upgrade production facilities CRH re-invests capital in their existing facilities to improve energy and operational efficiency to meet future demand growth. In other words, a plant producing 500 tonnes of cement a day could easily meet local demand , but years later, the demand could skyrocket due to a building boom. If the plant does not upgrade to increase its capacity, then competitors will. Like all other technologies, methods of production can become obsolete. It takes substantial capital to re-tool an entire factory with newer, better machines, but regular upgrading is necessary to maintain and improve competitiveness. Improve efficiency One way to get more out of existing factories is to make sure they are being used to the maximum. A low capacity utilisation results in higher fixed costs per unit, which means lower profitability. Low capacity utilisation can be a result of over-supply in the market or seasonal fluctuations of demand. In Portugal, for example, the economy is going through a difficult period with construction down approximately 3.9% for 2007, reflecting reduced activity in housing and a significant reduction in public capital expenditure. However, all three of CRHs Portugese cement plants operated at full capacity by taking advantage of strong export markets. Investment in efficiency and environmental improvement programmes, to offset higher input costs and improve performance, continued at all three locations. Manage performance A strong focus on achievement against targets is part of CRHs objective of performance and growth. The ability of key players to deliver is important. CRH has implemented a strong performance management system and appraisal process. The key elements include: Planning Clear expectations and goals are set and so plans develop to achieve these. Jobs, and how they relate to the strategic objectives of CRH, are looked at. These plans set out key steps and measures for staff. The A-SMART criteria are used, i.e. Aligned, Specific, Measurable, Action-oriented, Realistic and Time-bound. Coaching Observing and documenting performance, conducting reviews, as well as identifying training and development needs all provide feedback and support, and ultimately promote better performance achievement and growth. Having a mentor or coach can help staff to learn and develop, and reinforces effective and active communication and performance. Reviewing Getting results is a crucial factor of CRHs high-performance culture. What the individual achieves as well as How, are assessed and reviewed. Self-assessment, collection of information, appraisal and a review meeting all drive performance improvement. Employees have an opportunity to respond to feedback. Regular formal reviews of management development strategy are conducted by each Division with the guidance and support of the Group Human Resources Department Developing new products and markets CRH has activities in 28 countries but there is still plenty of room for expansion within those markets, and in neighbouring regions. The Groups wide spread across countries, regions and construction sectors helps to smooth the effects of industry and economic cycles. That wide spread of activities creates opportunities for further growth. Each of the Groups diverse operations across three continents is seen as a platform on which to build. CRH tailors its strategy to suit each country it operates from. An integral part of CRHs development is its investment in four fundamental areas: people, market leadership, the environment and technology. Investment in people consists of training and development to provide all employees with a platform for progress, a best practice programme to guarantee an efficient, safe and healthy place to work, and a market-based remuneration policy to attract, retain and motivate the right people. While investing in acquisitions and development projects is important to attain market leadership, being the leading producer with the lowest costs is also critical. This is achieved by investing in those existing businesses which offer a strong foundation for sustained and profitable organic growth while driving continuous improvement in products, processes and strong regional brands. Environmental investments programmes help us to improve optimise our use of energy and resources, and to be good neighbours in the communities in which we operate. Environmental investment includes projects to reduce dust and noise, minimise effluent and waste, improve energy efficiency, increase the use of recycled materials, and to restore worked-out facilities through extensive tree and shrub planting. Investment in technology enables us to run more efficient plants; to create more effective processes; to develop innovative products; to offer better and more focused service to customers; and to measure and communicate international best practice throughout the Group. CRH continues to invest in a wide range of projects which contribute to overall profitability, drive continuous improvement of products and processes to deliver long-term performance and strongly underpin the future development of the Group. Quality audit and review systems Evans Parker (2008) describe auditing as one of the most powerful safety monitoring techniques and an effective way to avoid complacency and highlight slowly deteriorating conditions, especially when the auditing focuses not just on compliance but effectiveness Quality audit is the process of systematic examination of a quality system carried out by an internal or external quality auditor or an audit team. It is an important part of organizations quality management system and is a key element in the ISO quality system standard, ISO 9001. Quality audits are typically performed at predefined time intervals and ensure that the institution has clearly-defined internal quality monitoring procedures linked to effective action. This can help determine if the organization complies with the defined quality system processes and can involve procedural or results-based assessment criteria. With the upgrade of the ISO9001 series of standards from the 1994 to 2008 series, the focus of the audits has shifted from purely procedural adherence towards measurement of the actual effectiveness of the Quality Management System (QMS) and the results that have been achieved through the implementation of a QMS. Audits are an essential management tool to be used for verifying objective evidence of processes, to assess how successfully processes have been implemented, for judging the effectiveness of achieving any defined target levels, to provide evidence concerning reduction and elimination of problem areas. For the benefit of the organisation, quality auditing should not only report non-conformances and corrective actions, but also highlight areas of good practice. In this way other departments may share information and amend their working practices as a result, also contributing to continual improvement. Quality culture What is Culture? Basically, organizational culture is the personality of the organization. Culture is comprised of the assumptions, values, norms and tangible signs (artefacts) of organization members and their behaviours. Members of an organization soon come to sense the particular culture of an organization. Culture is one of those terms that are difficult to express distinctly, but everyone knows it when they sense it. For example, the culture of a large, for-profit corporation is quite different than that of a hospital which is quite different that of a university. CRH Corporate Culture Local autonomy Experienced operational management is given a high degree of individual autonomy and responsibility to accommodate national and cultural needs and to leverage local market knowledge, all in accordance with key centrally defined governance, financial and CSR operating requirements Global yet local There is strong management commitment to both the local company and to the CRH Group, supported by best practice teams that share experience and know-how across products and regions. This dual citizenship motivates local entrepreneurship, while maintaining and benefiting from Group synergies. Our management philosophy could be described as global yet local. Mix of skills CRHs market-driven approach attracts, retains and motivates exceptional management including internally developed operational managers, highly qualified business professionals and owner-entrepreneurs who join on acquisition. This provides a healthy mix and depth of skills with many managers having experience of previous economic cycles. Our succession planning focuses on sharing this wealth of experience with the next generation of CRH management Perpetuating CRH culture As the Group grows, CRH make considerable efforts to ensure that the unique CRH culture is propagated into the new acquisitions, while simultaneously preserving their identity, so that the Group culture thrives from generation to generation. These efforts include training programmes, seminars, newsletters, the CSR Report and many other activities that span country, regional, international, cultural and language boundaries. These are of increasing importance as the company now grow into developing regions. Monitor systems and work activities of CRH Plc and identify the major problems affecting the systems. Also identify the opportunities your company can avail to improve business process Managing operations CRHs success as a global business depends, on its ability to face fast-changing economic conditions. CRH is a decentralised Group with many subsidiary companies operating under a wide range of local and regional brand /trade names. CRHs strategy is to build leadership positions in regional and local markets. This is done by delegating authority to the local managers. So that decisions can be made promptly by those most familiar with local economic conditions, while central support from CRH Group ensures that sustainable growth is gained in line with the Groups strategic goals. Central functions consist of the Board that sets the strategic direction for the Group, and Human Resources, Finance and IT which support the implementation of day-to-day management policy. Finally, CRHs vision can be identified as to focus globally yet manage locally. During a recession, it is important for businesses to look for new ways to maximise performance. One method is to improve efficiency across operations. Another way is to reinvest capital through the use of retained earnings/revenue reserves in its existing facilities. This helps to improve energy and operational efficiency while matching capacity to meet current and future demand. Managing suppliers Individual operating companies generate raw materials in the region in which they operate. Most of these suppliers are based in Europe or North America. Deteriorating demand in these markets needs strict expenditure controls. Managements current aim is on sourcing quality supplies to gain cost reductions and to increase efficiency. Central sourcing functions have been setup in key markets to take advantage of economies of scale and reduce the cost of purchased goods. Managing finances Recession strategies The recent banking crisis made more difficult for companies to obtain finance. Maintaining the business with liquidity and adequate cash flow is very important. However, current market conditions have made it more expensive to get financing for operations, therefore the costs of running a business is expensive and non profitable. Like other companies, CRH is focusing on maximising cash flow from operations and reducing working capital. Budgeting Cost savings Year 2008 indicates major changes in the financial, economic and business climate worldwide. Declining markets led to wide ranging cutbacks across CRHs businesses in the world. The company showed its rate of acquisition and its capital expenditure to improve liquidity and take advantage of possible further reductions in the price of assets. CRH management has also implemented other energy and cost reduction to limit the decrease in profit margins Division-wide procurement strategies and purchasing Company targets at purchasing amterials at lower cost and supply its productions in economies of scale to get the operational efficiency in its operations. Operational Excellence procedures have helped to reduce both labour and equipment costs while eliminating and minimising the waste. Reductions in fixed overhead staffing and other fixed costs have been implemented to maintain a strong balance sheet position. Raising Capital Sources of finance -CRH management undertook a successful rights issue. This allowed existing ordinary shareholders to buy more shares as a way of re-investing back into the business. The funds rose used for further acquisitions challenging industry players. In 2009, despite the very challenging trading backdrop, CRH is operating a healthy cash flow. The Group continues to identify new measures to deal with the evolving trading conditions. CRH believes that its current cash flows, together with the recent rights issue and funds raised through its borrowing facilities, are more than sufficient to meet its expenditure requirements for the foreseeable future. Financial reporting It is essential that IT systems give prompt, consistent and reliable financial reporting from the local operating units to the central Group management. Accurate financial reporting is paramount importance for management especially during difficult economic circumstances. Decisions on budgeting, raising capital and sourcing of finance all rely on accurate financial reporting. Managing people CRH employs 80,000 people in over 3,700 locations, including 35 countries. This staffs is managed through four Divisions. Company is introducing a web-based global talent management system replacing a paper-based system. There is a unique culture of performance and achievement throughout the CRH Group ensuring that, CRH has the capacity to deliver performance excellence despite of critical economic conditions The CRH management team are highly experienced and the development of talented successors is a priority for all managers. Regular formal reviews of management development strategy is done by each relevant Division with guidance and support provided by the Group Human Resources Department. CRH managers come from three very different streams, comprising: Internally developed operating managers who have room to grow in an expanding organisation Highly qualified finance and development professionals business builders with vision and future potential Owner-entrepreneurs who have joined with their companies and provide a vibrant entrepreneurial spirit. This brings forth a healthy mix and depth of skills and a wealth of experience at senior level with many senior leaders having managed through previous economic cycles. This gives them invaluable experience to deal with the current downturn enabling them to prepare for the inevitable upturn of the market. Performance management In CRHs high performance culture particularly during difficult economic times achieving results is difficult. But, CRH has adopted a strong performance management and appraisal process. Employees are given realistic goals and plans in place to achieve them. Performance is driven by appraisal, regular review meetings and self-assessment. Leadership development Management Development Programmes gives leadership training usually to middle or top level managers to assist them in upgrading their skills. These programmes have been updated in response to the changing economic climate. Staffs are encouraged to identify opportunities for business development and increased efficiency. Internal promotion is used to motivate and reward staff. Succession planning CRH places a significant consideration on succession planning. So as to develop future generations of leaders from within the organisation and maintain quality employees at all levels. Staffs are prepared for future roles by involving them with challenging assignments, coaching and formal training. Employees are educated the fact that during difficult economic times they must work within tighter financial constraints to keep operations within budget. CRH Future and Recommendation The process of maintaining superior performance and growth involves continuously investing for the future. The overall picture in 2009 is extremely challenging, having the severe impact of ongoing turmoil in financial markets across the world. There are a number of positives factors which will provide future opportunities for business, for example, Lower energy costs, Interest rate reductions Infrastructure stimulus packages in a number of countries, notably the USA. In this environment, efforts will mainly focus on implementing cost-cutting measures, reducing expenditure and preparing the business for recovery in construction markets. Regional and product diversity cater for smooth outcome of the effects of changing economic conditions and to provide multiple opportunities for growth. Management has responded vigorously to extremely challenging market conditions. All aspects of business need to be analysed and cost reduction and cash generation measures need to be in place to deal with whatever trading circumstances may evolve as the time go on.

Newtons Method: A Computer Project :: Newton-Raphson Method

Newton's Method: A Computer Project Newton's Method is used to find the root of an equation provided that the function f[x] is equal to zero. Newton Method is an equation created before the days of calculators and was used to find approximate roots to numbers. The roots of the function are where the function crosses the x axis. The basic principle behind Newton's Method is that the root can be found by subtracting the function divided by its derivative from the initial guess of the root. Newtons Method worked well because an initial guess was given to put into the equation. This is important because a wrong initial guess may give you the wrong root for the function. With Mathematica, a program for Newton's method can be produced and a graph of the function can be made. From the graph, the a good initial guess can be made.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Although Newton's Method works to find roots for many functions, it does have its disadvantages. The root sometimes cannot be found by using Newton's Method. The reason it sometimes cannot be found is because when the function is equal to zero, there is no slope to the tangent line.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As seen in experimentation's, it is important to select an initial guess close to the root because some functions have multiple roots. Failure to choose an initial value that is close to the root could result in finding a the wrong root or wasting a lot of time doing multiple iterations while getting close to the actual root.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  On some occasions, the program cannot find a root to an initial guess that is placed into the program. In some instances Mathmatica could not find the root to the function, like if it is a parabola with its vertex is placed